Initial Coin Offerings
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An initial coin offering (ICO) or token sale is a form of capital raising in which a project issues and sells digital tokens using blockchain technology, typically in exchange for cryptocurrency or fiat currency. The tokens may grant access to a product or service, represent participation rights within a network, or function as speculative digital assets traded on cryptocurrency markets. ICOs emerged in the mid-2010s as a method of financing technology ventures, particularly blockchain-based projects, without relying on traditional intermediaries such as venture capital firms or public equity markets. Depending on their structure and characteristics, tokens offered in ICOs may be treated as securities or fall under other regulatory frameworks, and regulatory treatment varies widely across jurisdictions. Some countries have imposed restrictions or bans on ICO activity, including China, which prohibited domestic token offerings in 2017. ICOs are typically conducted online and can raise funds globally without the involvement of traditional financial intermediaries. The rapid expansion of ICO markets between 2016 and 2018 was accompanied by significant investor losses, project failures, and enforcement actions related to fraud and unregistered securities offerings. Regulators and international financial institutions have since emphasised investor protection, disclosure requirements, and the application of existing securities laws to many token offerings. In 2023, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) concluded that the Dohrnii Foundation's DHN token qualified as a security because the associated platform was not yet operational at the time of its ICO. The decision has been described as the first and only publicly known case in Switzerland and Europe in which a pre-functional ICO token was classified as a security, despite ICOs generally being conducted to raise capital for the development of blockchain platforms before they become operational. The decision led to discussion about the interpretation of FINMA's ICO guidelines and contributed to legal uncertainty regarding the regulatory classification of pre-functional ICO tokens in Switzerland.
Article title : Initial coin offering
"An initial coin offering (ICO) or token sale is a form of capital raising in which a project issues and sells digital tokens using blockchain technology..."
Article title : Initial exchange offering
"rendered during the due diligence process and funding phase. IEOs and initial coin offerings (ICOs) share similar characteristics; however, an IEO can be seen..."
Article title : Cryptocurrency
"Chinese government has halted trading of virtual currency, banned initial coin offerings, and shut down mining. Many Chinese miners have since relocated..."
Article title : Security token offering
"Supervisory Authority. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-26. "Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)" (Press release) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Securities and..."
Article title : Ponzi scheme
"Initial Coin Offerings. Lifting the "Digital Token's Veil". Leiden/Boston: Brill. p. 43. ISBN 978-90-04-41657-4. Cf. "SEC Halts Alleged Initial Coin Offering..."
Article title : Cryptocurrency and crime
"ponzi schemes involving cryptocurrencies are performed through Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). As an example, according to a report by Satis Group, almost..."
Article title : $Trump
"publicly released in an initial coin offering (ICO) on January 17, 2025. Less than a day later, the aggregate market value of all coins was more than $27 billion..."
Article title : Silicon Valley season 5
"design and run both Pied Piper and Hooli out of business. 45 7 "Initial Coin Offering" Mike Judge Clay Tarver May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06) 0.853 Having been..."
Article title : Cryptocurrency bubble
"March 2018: Facebook, Google, and Twitter ban advertisements for initial coin offerings (ICO) and token sales. 15 November 2018: Bitcoin's total current..."
Article title : Jay Clayton (attorney)
"should be regulated by the commission. In December, he warned that initial coin offerings would be detrimental to investors if they were unregulated securities..."
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